IoT-Based Fault Detection and Isolation in Low-Voltage Distribution Networks

Objective: To design and implement an IoT-enabled system for real-time detection, localization, and isolation of faults in LT electrical distribution lines to minimize outage duration and improve reliability.

Problem: Frequent faults in India's low-voltage (LT) distribution lines cause prolonged power outages, impacting residential, commercial, and rural consumers due to delayed fault detection and manual isolation processes. This leads to revenue losses for utilities and widespread inconvenience.

Solution: The project proposes an integrated IoT-based monitoring system that uses smart sensors and microcontrollers to continuously track electrical parameters (current, voltage, earth leakage) along LT feeders, identify abnormal conditions indicative of faults, and relay diagnostics to a central control interface for rapid decision-making and automated isolation.

Key Features: The working model comprises sensor nodes deployed on simulated LT lines, ESP32/Arduino controllers, wireless communication (LoRa/Wi-Fi), fault classification algorithms, a web dashboard for visualization and alerts, and relay circuitry for remote isolation. Deliverables include a live demonstration of real-time fault detection, localization, and automated isolation, validated against typical Indian LT fault scenarios.

Impact: The solution enhances operational efficiency for DISCOMs, improves supply reliability, and reduces manual intervention. Scalable for urban and rural grid segments, it aligns with smart grid initiatives and can integrate with utility SCADA systems for large-scale deployment.